Francesco Zamblera
Chinuk Wawa 1
Version 0.8 (preliminary)

 Introduction
 Chinuk Wawa, also known as Chinook Jargon, is an American Native language which was widespread in the North-West of the United States. Today it is still spoken, mainly at Gran Ronde.
 This is a beginning course in Chinuk Wawa which contcentrates on the sixty-odd basic lexical concepts which, according to the linguists who work in the Natural Semantic Metalanguage paradigm, should be both universal (present in all languages) and simple, that is, they cannot be explained using still simpler words.
 In this course you will often meet the terms "lexical primitive" or "lexical prime". They simply refer to these basic "words".

1
(1) you live	(1) mayka miłayt	
(2) I live	(2) nayka miłayt	
(3) people live	(3) tilxam łaska miłayt	
(4) this is good	(4) łush ukuk	

E1
(1) I live	(1) nayka miłayt	
(2) you live	(2) mayka miłayt	
(3) people live	(3) tilxams łaska miłayt	

 Pronunciation

ay	English I in "fine"	
aw	English ow in "cow"	
ł	English l in "land" pronounced without voice	
x	Scottish ch in "loch"	

 Grammar

1. nayka means I, mayka means you, properly thou (that is, "you yourself" and not "you yourselves") 
2. miłayt represents various lexical primitives: live, be somewhere, have, there is.
3. The order of the words is such sentences is the same as in English.

2
(1) this person lives	(1) ukuk tilxam yaka miłayt	
(2) these people live	(2) ukuk tilxam łaska miłayt	
(3) this is very good	(3) łush ukuk	

E2
(1) I live	(1) nayka miłayt	
(2) you live	(2) mayka miłayt	
(3) this person live	(3) ukuk tilxam yaka miłayt	
(4) these people live	(4) ukuk tilxam łaska miłayt	
(5) very good	(5) dret łush ukuk	

 Grammar

•   ukuk is this, tilxam represents both primes person (someone) and people.   We can know which meaning is intended because in Chinuk Wawa you say "a person yaka lives"   (yaka means "he" or "she") and "people they live" ("they" is łaska).  So in the sentence ukuk tilxam yaka miłayt, we can know that tilxam means person.
•   dret means "very", łush is "good".
•   The order of words is like in English: "this+people" = ukuk+tilxam; "very+good" = dret+łush. 

3
(1) someone lives in this place	(1) łaksta yaka miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(2) I live in this place	(2) nayka miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(3) you live in this place	(3) mayka miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(4) many people live in this place	(4) hayu tilxam łaska miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	

E3
(1) some people	(1) wik-hayu tilxam	
(2) many people	(2) hayu tilxam	
(3) these people	(3) ukuk tilxam	
(4) this place	(4) ukuk iliʔ	
(5) this person	(5) ukuk tilxam	
(6) this thing	(6) ukuk ikta	
(7) these people	(7) ukuk tilxam	
(8) these things	(8) ukuk ikta	

 To check

1. The spelling of kapa
2. correctness of usage of ikta vs iktas and tilxams.

 Pronunciation

•   The sound spelled as ʔ, known techically as glottal stop, can be found in many American  native languages. You can find it in the Cockney pronunciation of "tt" in "bottle", or between the two words  "very easy" if you try to pronounce them separating the "y" from the "ea" (very ʔeasy).
•   Melville Jacobs writes kapa ("at", "in") as kaba, tilxam ("person", "people") as dilxam,  ukuk as uguk and nayka, mayka as nayga, mayga.

 Grammar

•   łaksta means "who" or "someone".
•   ukuk iliʔ "this place", kapa ukuk iliʔ in this place.
•   hayu is "much" or "many", wik-hayu, literally "not many", means "some".
•   Note how in the sentence hayu tilxam łaska miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ, tilxam means unambiguously "people":  first of all, it is preceded by "hayu"; then, the verb has łaska "they" in front  of it. How would "a person lives in this place" be?
 (Answer: "ixt tilxam yaka miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ.

4
(1) I live with this person	(1) nayka namiłayt pi ukuk tilxam	
(2) this person lives with me	(2) ukuk tilxam yamiłayt pi nayga	
(3) you live with this person	(3) mayka mamiłayt pi ukuk tilxam	
(4) someone lives with you	(4) ukuk tilxam yamiłayt pi mayka	
(5) someone lives with these people	(5) ukuk tilxam yamiłayt pi ukuk tilxams	

E4
(1) this person lives with me 	(1) ukuk tilxam yamiłayt pi nayka	
(2) this person lives with you	(2) ukuk tilxam yamiłayt pi mayka	
(3) this person lives in this place	(3) ukuk tilxam yamiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(4) I live with you in this place	(4) nayka namiłayt pi mayka kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(5) you live with me in this place	(5) mayka mamiłayt pi nayka kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(6) someone lives with me	(6) łaksta yamiłayt pi nayka	
(7) I live with someone	(7) nayka namiłayt pi łaksta	

 To check
 The spelling of pi

 Grammar

•   Chinuk Wawa does not distinguish betwee "I" and "me" (both nayka).
•   pi, spelled bi by Jacobs, is "with". 
•   In these first lessons the basic pattern of the word live, which should be universally available  (in all languages): live with (someone) and live somewhere. The "living one" must be a "someone"  (included "I" and "you") or "people".

5
(1) I live with this person	(1) nayka namiłayt pi ukuk tilxam	
(2) this person lives with me	(2) ukuk tilxam yamiłayt pi naiga	
(3) you live with someone else	(3) mayka mamiłayt pi ukuk x̩luwima tilxam	
(4) this other person lives with you	(4) ukuk x̩luwima tilxam yamiłayt pi mayka	
(5) these people live with these other people	(5) ukuk tilxam łasamiłayt pi ukuk x̩luwima tilxam	

E5
(1) this person	(1) ukuk tilxam	
(2) this other person	(2) ukuk x̩luwima tilxam	
(3) someone else	(3) x̩luwima łaksta	
(4) another person	(4) x̩luwima łaksta	
(5) these people	(5) ukuk tilxams	
(6) these other people	(6) ukuk x̩luwima tilxams	
(7) other people	(7) x̩luwima tilxams	
(8) this place	(8) ukuk iliʔ	
(9) this other place	(9) ukuk x̩luwima iliʔ	
(10) another place	(10) x̩luwima iliʔ	

 To check

1. The spelling of x̩luwima
2. Is tilxam really understood as "person" in such sententes?
3. Is uk x̩luwima tilxam OK as "the other person"?
4. is x̩luwima łaksta OK? 

 Pronunciation
 The sound written as x̩ is similar to x, but pronounced more back in the throat.

 Grammar
 x̩luwima means "other" or "different".

6
(1) this place is a good place	(1) ukuk iliʔ yaka łush iliʔ 	
(2) because of this many people live in this place	(2) kakwa hayu tilxam łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(3) this other place is a bad place	(3) ukuk x̩luwima iliʔ yaka mashachi iliʔ 	
(4) people do not live in this other place because of this	(4) kakwa uk tilxam wik łasmiłayt kapa ukuk x̩luwima iliʔ	

E6
(1) a good place	(1) łush iliʔ	
(2) this good place	(2) ukuk łush iliʔ	
(3) a bad place	(3) mashachi iliʔ	
(4) this bad place	(4) ukuk mashachi iliʔ	
(5) a good thing	(5) łush ikta	
(6) this good thing	(6) ukuk łush ikta	
(7) a bad thing	(7) mashachi ikta	
(8) this bad thing	(8) ukuk mashachi ikta	
(9) something good	(9) łush ikta	
(10) something bad	(10) mashachi ikta	
(11) good people	(11) łush tilxams	
(12) bad people	(12) mashachi tilxams	
(13) good things	(13) łush iktas	
(14) bad things	(14) mashachi iktas	

--+ To check
1. spelling of ili?^
2. position of wik in lesson sentence 4

 Grammar 

•   ukuk iliʔ yaka łush iliʔ lit. "this place it good place". yaka means "she", "he" or "it".
•   kakwa at the beginning of a sentence represents the prime expression because pf this (kakwa can  also represent like or same).

7
(1) this place is very big	(1) ukuk iliʔ yaka dret hayash iliʔ	
(2) because of this, many people live in this place	(2) kakwa hayu tilxams łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(3) these places are very small	(3) ukuk x̩luwima iliʔ tǝnǝs iliʔ	
(4) because of this, not many people live in these places	(4) kakwa wik hayash tilxam łasmiłayt kapa ukuk x̩luwima iliʔ	

E7
(1) a big place	(1) hayash iliʔ	
(2) a small place	(2) tǝnǝs iliʔ	
(3) many big places	(3) hayu hayash iliʔ	
(4) many small places	(4) hayu tǝnǝs iliʔ	
(5) many people	(5) hayu tilxams	
(6) not many people	(6) wik hayu tilxams	
(7) this place is big	(7) hayash ukuk iliʔ	
(8) this places are big	(8) hayash hayash ukuk iliʔ	
(9) this place is small	(9) tǝnǝs ukuk iliʔ	
(10) this places are small	(10) dǝnustǝnǝs ukuk iliʔ	

 To check
 Spelling of dret, dǝnǝs and dunusdunus

 Pronunciation

•   tǝnǝs "small". The letter $e sounds like the unaccented English "e" in "camera".

 Grammar
 wik means "not"; it can also combine with other words to form compounds which represent single primes:

•   wik-hayu, lit. "not many", that is, "some"
•   wik-saya, lit. "not far", that is, "near"
•   wik-lili, lit. "not a-long-time", that is "a short time"

8
(1) I know this	(1) nayka kamtaks:	
(2)     this place is a very big place	(2)     ukuk iliʔ yaka hayash iliʔ 	
(3)     this place is a very good place	(3)     ukuk iliʔ yaka łush iliʔ 	
(4)     because of this I will live in this place	(4)     kakwa ałqi nayka miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ 	
(5) you know this	(5) mayka kamtaks:	
(6)     this other place is a very small place	(6)     ukuk x̩luwima iliʔ dret tǝnǝs iliʔ	
(7)     this other place is a very bad place	(7)     ukuk x̩luwima iliʔ mashachi iliʔ	
(8)     because of this I will not live in this other place	(8)     kakwa wik ałqi nayka miłayt kapa ukuk x̩luwima iliʔ	

E8
(1) this big place	(1) ukuk hayash iliʔ	
(2) this other small place	(2) ukuk x̩luwima hayash iliʔ	
(3) this other good thing	(3) ukuk x̩luwima łush ikta	
(4) many other good things	(4) hayu x̩luwima ukuk iktas	
(5) I know this	(5) nayka nakamtaks ukuk	
(6) you know this	(6) mayka makamtaks ukuk	
(7) someone knows this	(7) łaksta yakamtaks ukuk	
(8) many people know this	(8) hayu tilxam łaskamtaks ukuk	
(9) not many pelple know this	(9) wik hayu tilxam łaskamtaks ukuk	
(10) very far	(10) dret saya	
(11) a very long time	(11) hayash lili 	
(12) very good	(12) hayash łush	
(13) very bad	(13) hayash mashachi	
(14) very big	(14) dret hayash 	
(15) very small	(15) dret tǝnǝs	

 Grammar
 1. kamtaks represents "know". It has various combination possibilities with other primes. In this lesson we see the structure "I know this:" followed by a text. In Chinuk Wawa you simply say "I know:". Note the spaces: in writing NSM texts, what one knows is indented (written further to the right) under the "I know" passage. 2. The word ałqi indicates future time, like "will" in English, but it must stand at the beginning of the sentence:

I live	I will live	I know	I will know	this person will know	
nayka miłayt	ałqi nayka miłayt	nayka kamtaks	ałqi nayka kamtaks	(al^qi+) uk tilxam yakamtaks	

 3. wik represents "not". Chinuk Wawa needs no "do" with "not" (no forms like "don't", "doesn't", "didn't"). wik stands at the beginning of a sentence; if there are both wik and ałqi, the order is wik ałqi.

I know	I don't know	I will know	I won't know	this person doesn't know	these people will not know	
nayka kamtaks	wik nayka kamtaks	ałqi nayka kamtaks| wil ałqi nayka kamtaks	wik ukuk tilxam yakamtaks	| wik ałqi ukuk tilxam łaska kamtaks  	

9
(1) this place is a good place	(1) ukuk iliʔ yaka łush iliʔ	
(2) there are many people in this place	(2) hayu tilxam łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(3) there are many things in this place	(3) hayu iktas łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(4) there are many good things in this place	(4) hayu łush iktas łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	

E9
(1) one thing	(1) ixt ikta	
(2) two things	(2) makwst iktas	
(3) some people	(3) tǝnǝs hayu tilxams	
(4) some things	(4) tǝnǝs hayu iktas	
(5) many people	(5) hayu tilxam	
(6) many things	(6) hayu iktas	
(7) all people	(7) kanawi tilxam	
(8) all things	(8) kanawi ikta	
(9) one good thing	(9) ixt łush ikta	
(10) one bad thing	(10) ixt mashachi ikta	
(11) two other good things	(11) makwst x̩luwima łush ikta	
(12) some bad things	(12) wik hayu mashachi iktas	
(13) many other good things	(13) hayu x̩luwima łush iktas	
(14) there is one thing in this place	(14) ixt ikta yamiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(15) there are two things in this place	(15) makwst iktas łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(16) there are some things in this place	(16) tǝnǝs hayu iktas łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(17) there are many things in this place	(17) hayu iktas łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(18) there are not many things in this place	(18) wik hayu iktas miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(19) there is someone in this place	(19) łaksta yamiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	

 Grammar

•   miłayt represents also the existential prime THERE IS, THERE ARE.
•   hayu "much", "many"; wik-hayu "not many", that is, "some".
•   ixt is "one"; makwst is "two", kanawi is "all".

10
(1) something good happened in this place	(1) łush ikta yachaku kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(2) I want to live in this place because of this	(2) kakwa nayka tqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(3) you want to live in this place because of this	(3) kakwa mayka tqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(4) all people want to live in this place because of this	(4) kakwa kanawi tilxam tqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	

E10
(1) something happened	(1) ikta yachaku	
(2) something good happened	(2) łush ikta yachaku	
(3) many things happened	(3) hayu iktas łasqʾu	
(4) I want to live with this person	(4) nayka natqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk tilxam	
(5) you want to live with this person	(5) mayka matqʾi miłayt pi ukuk tilxam	
(6) this person wants to live with this other person	(6) ukuk tilxam yatqʾi miłayt pi ukuk x̩luwima tilxam	
(7) these people want to live with these other people	(7) ukuk tilxams łastqʾi miłayt pi ukuk x̩luwima tilxams	

 To check
 Is chaku OK in the sense "happen" (=French arriver)

 Grammar

•   The prime HAPPEN has two basic patterns:

1. SOMETHING HAPPENS TO SOMEONE
2. SOMETHING HAPPPENS SOMEWHERE

•   The prime WANT is tqʾi in Chinuk Wawa. WANT has the following possibilities:

1. SOMEONE WANTS TO DO SOMETHING
2. SOMEONE WANTS SOMEONE ELSE TO DO SOMETHING
3. SOMEONE WANTS SOMETHING

11
(1) something good happened to me	(1) łush ikta yachaku kapa nayka	
(2) because of this, I feel something good	(2) kakwa, nayka łush timtim.	
(3) something bad happened to this person	(3) mashachi ikta yachaku kapa ukuk tilxam	
(4) because of this, this person feels something bad	(4) kakwa uk tilxam wik łush timtim	

E11
(1) something happened in this place	(1) ikta yachaku kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(2) something happened to this person	(2) łush ikta yachaku kapa ukuk tilxam	
(3) something happened to you	(3) łush ikta yachaku kapa mayka	
(4) something happened to me	(4) łush ikta yachaku kapa nayka	
(5) I feel something good	(5) nayka łush timtim	
(6) you feel something bad	(6) mayka wik łush timtim	
(7) these people feel something good	(7) ukuk tilxam łasga łush timtim	
(8) this person feels something bad	(8) ukuk tilxam wik yaka łush timtim	
(9) I want to live in this place because this place is good	(9) ukuk iliʔ yaka łush iliʔ, kakwa nayka natqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ 	
(10) I do not want to live in this place because this place is bad	(10) ukuk iliʔ yaka mashachi iliʔ, kakwa nayka wik natqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	

 To check
 I propose łush timtim and mashachi timtim for "feel something good" and "feel something bad"

12
(1) God is someone	(1) Sax̩li Tay yaka łaksta	
(2) God is not something	(2) wik Sax̩li Tay yaka ikta	
(3) he is someone good	(3) yaka łush łaksta	
(4) he is not someone like people	(4) wik yaka kakwa ukuk tilxams	
(5) there is not anyone else like him	(5) hilu łaksta kakwa yaka	

E12
(1) I am someone	(1) nayka łaksta	
(2) you are someone	(2) mayka łaksta	
(3) someone good	(3) łush łaksta	
(4) someone bad	(4) mashachi łaksta	
(5) I am like you	(5) nayka kakwa mayka	
(6) you are like me	(6) mayka kakwa nayka	
(7) someone like me	(7) łaksta kakwa nayka	
(8) someone like you	(8) łaksta kakwa mayka	
(9) someone like these people	(9) łaksta kakwa ukuk tilxams	
(10) there is someone like me in this place	(10) łaksta kakwa nayka yamiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(11) there is not anyone like you in this place	(11) hilu łaksta kakwa mayka kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(12) there is not anyone like this person	(12) hilu łaksta kakwa ukuk tilxam	
(13) something like this thing	(13) ikta kakwa ukuk ikta	
(14) you are not something	(14) mayka wik ikta	
(15) I am not something	(15) nayka wik ikta	
(16) this person is not like you	(16) ukuk tilxam wik kakwa mayka	
(17) this place is not like this other place	(17) ukuk iliʔ wik kakwa uk x̩luwima iliʔ	

 To check
 A careful review of the whole text is needed.

13
(1) God exists always	(1) Sax̩ali Tay kwanisim yamiłayt	
(2) everything exists because God wants it to exist	(2) kanawi ikta yamiłayt qata Sax̩li Tay yatqʾi kanawi ikta yamiłayt	
(3) people exist because God wants them to exist	(3) uk tilxam yamiłayt kiʔwa Sax̩li Tay yatqʾi uk tilxam łasmiłayt	
(4) God exists because God exists, not because of anything else	(4) Sax̩li Tay yamiłayt kiʔwa Sax̩li Tay yamiłayt, wik qata x̩luwima ikta	
(5) God lives	(5) Sax̩li Tay yamiłayt	

E13
(1) I want to live in this place	(1) nayka tqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(2) you want me to live in this place	(2) mayka tqʾi nayka miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(3) you want to live in this place	(3) mayka tqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(4) this person wants you to live in this place	(4) ukuk tilxam yatqʾi mayka miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(5) many things exist in this place	(5) hayu iktas miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(6) God wants many things to exist in this place	(6) Sax̩li Tay yatqʾi hayu iktas łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(7) these people want to live in this place	(7) ukuk tilxam łastqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(8) something good happened	(8) łush ikta yachaku	
(9) these people want something good to happen	(9) ukuk tilxam łastqʾi łush ikta yachaku	
(10) many good things happened to this person	(10) hayu łush ikta yachaku kapa ukuk tilxam	
(11) I want many good things to happen to you	(11) nayka tq!i hayu łush ikta yachaku kapa mayka	

 To check

1. Spelling and position of kwanisim
2. Spelling and correctness of use of kiʔwa "because"

14
(1) there are two kinds of people because God wants this 	(1) makwst kakwa tilxam łasmiłait kiʔwa Sax̩li Tay yatqʾi kakwa	
(2) a person of one kind is a man, a person of the other kind is a woman	(2) ixt kakwa tilxam yaka man, ixt kakwa tilxam yaka łuchman	
(3) if a man lives with a woman this is good	(3) łush pus ixt man yamiłayt pi ixt łuchman	
(4) God wants people to live like this	(4) Sax̩li Tay yatqʾi uk tilxam łasmiłayt kakwa	

E14
(1) a kind of people	(1) kakwa tilxam	
(2) two kinds of people	(2) makwst kakwa tilxam	
(3) many kinds of people	(3) hayu kakwa tilxam	
(4) a kind of something	(4) kakwa ikta	
(5) many kinds of places	(5) hayu kakwa iliʔ	
(6) many things of this kind	(6) hayu iktas kakwa	
(7) many things of the same kind	(7) hayu tomolǝch iktas	
(8) another kind of things	(8) x̩luwima iktas	
(9) one kind of people	(9) ixt kakwa tilxam	
(10) two kinds of people	(10) makwst kakwa tilxams	
(11) all kinds of people	(11) kanawi kakwa tilxams	
(12) many kinds of people	(12) hayu kakwa tilxams	
(13) if something good happens to me, I feel something good	(13) pus łush ikta yachaku kapa nayka, nayka łush timtim	
(14) if something bad happens to this person, this person feels something bad	(14) pus mashachi ikta yachaku kapa uk tilxam, uk tilxam wik yaka łush timtim	
(15) if this place is good, I want to live in this place	(15) pus ukuk iliʔ yaka łush, nayka tqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(16) if you want to live in this place, I want to live in this place	(16) pus mayka tqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ, nayka tqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	

 To check

1. Lesson sentence 1: is it OK to use kakwa in this way?
2. Lesson sentence 4: is it syntactically correct to use want in this way

15
(1) someone did something bad to this person	(1) łaksta yamunk mashachi ikta kapa ukuk tilxam	
(2) because of this, this person feels something bad	(2) kakwa ukuk tilxam yaka mashachi timtim	
(3) it is bad if someone does something bad to other people	(3) wik łush pus łaksta yamunk kakwa kapa uk x̩luwima tilxam	

E15
(1) someone did something	(1) łaksta yamunk ikta	
(2) someone did something to this person	(2) łaksta yamunk ikta kapa ukuk tilxam	
(3) someone did something to this person with this thing	(3) łaksta yamunk ikta kapa ukuk tilxam pi ukuk ikta	
(4) someone did something with this person	(4) łaksta yamunk ikta pi ukuk tilxam	
(5) I did something good to you	(5) nayka namunk łush ikta kapa mayka	
(6) you did something good to me	(6) mayka mamunk łush ikta kapa nayka	
(7) these people did something good to this person	(7) ukuk tilxam łasmunk łush ikta kapa ukuk tilxam	
(8) I want to do something good	(8) nayka tqʾi munk łush ikta	
(9) this person wants to do something bad to this other person	(9) ukuk tilxam yatqʾi munk mashachi ikta kapa ukuk x̩luwima tilxam	
(10) it is good if something good happens	(10) łush pus łush ikta yachaku	
(11) it is bad if something bad happens	(11) wik łush pus mashachi ikta yachaku	
(12) it is good if many people lives in this place	(12) łush pus hayu tilxam lasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(13) it is good if a man lives with a woman	(13) łush pus man yamiłayt pi łuchman	

16
(1) sometimes a person does something bad to another person	(1) ixtixt łaksta yamunk mashachi ikta kapa x̩luwima tilxam	
(2) sometimes something bad happens to this other person's body because of this 	(2) ixtixt kakwa mashachi ikta yachaku kapa ukuk x̩luwima tilxam yaka iłʔwǝl 	
(3) sometimes this person dies because of this	(3) ix̩tix̩ kakwa uk tilxam yamimłust	
(4) if one of you does something like this to another person it will be very bad	(4) hayash mashachi pus ixt mtsayka yamunk kakwa kapa x̩luwima tilxam	
(5) God wants you not to do this	(5) Sax̩li Tay yatqʾi wik mtsayka mtsamunk kakwa	

E16
(1) I did something good	(1) nayka namunk łush ikta	
(2) sometimes I do something good	(2) ixtixt nayka namunk łush ikta	
(3) you did something good	(3) mayka mamunk łush ikta	
(4) sometimes you do something good	(4) ixtixt mayka mamunk łush ikta	
(5) this person did something bad	(5) ukuk tilxam yamunk łush ikta 	
(6) these people did something bad	(6) ukuk tilxams yamunk mashachi ikta	
(7) sometimes this person does something bad	(7) ixtixt uk tilxam yamunk mashachi ikta	
(8) sometimes these people do something bad	(8) ixtixt uk tilxam łasmunk mashachi ikta	
(9) if I do something good, something good happens	(9) pus nayka namunk łush ikta, łush ikta yachaku	
(10) if you do something good, something good happens	(10) pus mstayka mtsamunk łush ikta, łush ikta yachaku	
(11) something bad happened	(11) łush ikta yachaku	
(12) sometimes something bad happens	(12) ixtixt mashachi ikta yachaku	
(13) I want to do something good	(13) nayka natqʾi munk łush ikta	
(14) you want to do something good	(14) mayka matqʾi munk łush ikta	
(15) these people want to do something good	(15) ukuk tilxam łasga tqʾi munk łush ikta	
(16) someone died in this place	(16) łaksta yamimłust kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(17) sometimes someone dies	(17) ixtixt łaksta yamimłust	

 To check

1. ixtixt "sometimes", found in LeJeune's vocabulary (Javobs texts have samtayms)
2. spelling of il^?^we$l 
3. Sentence 4: how to express "one of you"

17
(1) sometimes someone does something bad to another person	(1) ixtixt łaksta yamunk mashachi ikta kapa x̩luwima tilxam	
(2) sometimes something bad happens to this other person's body because of this 	(2) kakwa ixtixt mashachi ikta yachaku kapa ukuk x̩luwima tilxam	
(3) sometimes this person dies because of this	(3) kakwa ixtixt ukuk x̩luwima tilxam yamimłust	
(4) if one of you does something like this to another person it will be very bad	(4) hayash mashachi pus ixt mtsayka yamunk kakwa kapa x̩luwima tilxam	
(5) God wants you not to do this	(5) Sax̩li Tay yamunk wik mayka mamunk kakwa	

E17
(1) my body	(1) nayka iłʔwǝl	
(2) your body	(2) mayka iłʔwǝl	
(3) someone's body	(3) łaksta yaka iłʔwǝl	
(4) someone else's body	(4) x̩luwima łaksta yaka iłʔwǝl	
(5) I want you to do something good	(5) nayka natq!^i mayka mamunk łush ikta	
(6) you want me to do something bad	(6) mayka matqʾi nayka namunk łush ikta	
(7) I want something good to happen	(7) nayka natqʾi łush ikta yachaku	
(8) I want you not to do anything bad	(8) nayka natqʾi wik mayka mamunk mashachi ikta	
(9) you want something bad not to happen	(9) mayka matqʾi wik mashachi ikta yachaku	
(10) you want these people not to live in this place	(10) mayka matqʾi wik ukuk tilxam łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	

18
(1) a long time before, many good things happened in this place	(1) yułqat ankati hayu łush ikta łasqʾu kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(2) a long time before, there were many good things in this place	(2) yułqat ankati hayu łush ikta łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(3) a long time before, many people lived in this place	(3) yułqat ankati hayu tilxam łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	

E18
(1) sometimes good things happen	(1) ixtixt łush iktas yachaku	
(2) something good happened before	(2) ankati łush ikta yachaku	
(3) something good happened a long time before	(3) yułqat ankati łush ikta yachaku	
(4) something good happened a very long time before	(4) hayash yułqat ankati łush ikta yachaku	
(5) sometimes I do something good	(5) ixtixt nayka namunk łush ikta	
(6) before, I did something good	(6) ankati nayka namunk łush ikta	
(7) a long time before, I did something good	(7) yułqat ankati nayka namunk łush ikta	
(8) a very long time before, I did something good	(8) yułqat ankati nayka namunk łushi kta	
(9) I did like this	(9) nayka namunk kakwa	
(10) I said like this	(10) nayka nawawa kakwa	
(11) this thing happened like this	(11) ukuk ikta yachaku kakwa	
(12) this thing moved like this	(12) ukuk ikta yałatwa kakwa	
(13) this person died like this	(13) ukuk tilxam yamimłust kakwa	
(14) many people live like this	(14) hayu tilxam łasmiłayt kakwa	

 To check
 spelling of yul^qat and ankati

19
(1) a long time before, many people lived here	(1) yułqat ankati hayu tilxam łasmiłayt yakwa	
(2) at that time, someone said some words	(2) alta łaksta yawawa wik hayu wawa	
(3) at the same time, something happened	(3) uk kanamakwst taym ikta yachaku	
(4) because of this, after this, people did not want to live in that place anymore	(4) kakwa, alta wik uk tilxams łastqʾi miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	

E19
(1) at this time these people were doing something like this	(1) ukuk taym ukuk tilxam łas-hayu-munk kakwa ikta	
(2) at this time these people did something like this	(2) ukuk taym ukuk tilxam łasmunk kakwa ikta	
(3) at the same time these people were doing something like this	(3) ukuk kanamakwst taym ukuk tilxam łas-hayu-munk kakwa ikta	
(4) a long time before these people were doing something like this	(4) yułqat ankati ukuk tilxam łas-hayu-munk kakwa ikta	
(5) a long time before these people did something like this	(5) yułqat ankati ukuk tilxam łasmunk kakwa ikta	
(6) some time before these people were doing something like this	(6) wik yułqat ankati ukuk tilxam łas-hayu-munk kakwa ikta	
(7) some time before these people did something like this	(7) wik yułqat ankati ukuk tilxam łas-hayu-munk kakwa ikta	
(8) this thing happened at this time	(8) uk ikta yachaku kapa uk taym	
(9) this thing happened a long time before	(9) yułqat ankati uk ikta yachaku	
(10) this thing happened some time before	(10) wik yułqat ankati uk ikta yachaku	

 To check
 Is OK ukuk kanamakwst taym for "at the same time", and "ukuk taym" for "at this time"?

20
(1) this person did something	(1) uk tilxam yamunk ikta	
(2) because of this I know that this person wants to do something bad to me	(2) kakwa nayka kamtaks uk tilxam yatqʾi munk mashachi ikta kapa nayka	
(3) if this person does this, something very bad will happen to me	(3) pus uk tilxam yamunk kakwa, ałqi mashachi ikta yachaku kapa nayka	
(4) I don't want this to happen	(4) nayka wik natqʾi ałqi ukuk ikta yachaku	
(5) because of this I have to do something to this person	(5) kakwa, łush nayka namunk ikta kapa uk tilxam	
(6) I want to do it	(6) nayka natqʾi munk kakwa	

E20
(1) something good happens sometimes	(1) ixtixt łush ikta yachaku	
(2) something good is happening now	(2) alta łush ikta yachaku	
(3) something good will happen after	(3) ałqi łush ikta yachaku	
(4) something good happened before	(4) ankati łush ikta yachaku	
(5) something good was happening before	(5) ankati łush ikta ya-hayu-qʾu	
(6) sometimes I do good things	(6) ixtixt nayka namunk łush iktas	
(7) I am doing something good now	(7) anla nayka namunk łush ikta	
(8) I did something good before	(8) ankati nayka namunk łush ikta	
(9) before, I was doing something good	(9) ankati nayka na-hayu-munk łush ikta	
(10) I will do something good after	(10) ałki nayka namunk łush ikta	

 To check
 ałqi or ałki?

21
(1) some time before, something good happen in this place	(1) wik yułqat ankati, łush ikta yachaku kapa uk iliʔ	
(2) because of this, after some time something good will happen	(2) kakwa, lili ałki łush ikta yachaku	
(3) a long time before, something bad happened	(3) yułqat ankati mashachi ikta yachaku	
(4) because of this, some time after that time, something bad happened	(4) kiʔwa ukuk ikta, alda tǝnǝs kimtʾa mashachi ikta yachaku	

E21
(1) something happened. at that time, I did something because of this	(1) ikta yachaku. alda nayka namunk ikta kiʔwa ukuk ikta	
(2) something good happened. at the same time, something bad happened	(2) łush ikta yachaku. kapa kanamakwst taym mashachi ikta yachaku	
(3) something good will happen. at the same time, something else will happen	(3) ałki łush ikta yachaku. ukuk kanamakwst taym, ałki x̩luwima ukuk yachaku	
(4) some time before you did something. a long time before that time, you had done something else	(4) wik yułqat ankati mamunk ikta. yułqat ankati mamunk x̩luwima ikta 	
(5) a long time after you will do something. some time after that time, you will do something else	(5) yułkat ałki mamunk ikta. alda tǝnǝs kimtʾa ałki mamunk x̩luwima ikta	

22
(1) before, someone was somewhere	(1) ankati łaksta yamiłayt qax̩	
(2) this person wanted to be somewhere else	(2) ukuk tilxam yatqʾi miłayt x̩luwima qax̩	
(3) because of this, this person moved for some time	(3) kakwa, ukuk tilxam ya-hayu-mash (ya-hayu-munk-muv)	
(4) because of this, after this this person wasn't in this place any more	(4) alta kakwa ukuk tilxam wik yamiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(5) this person was somewhere else	(5) alta ukuk tilxam yamiłayt x̩luwima qax̩	

E22
(1) now I am in this place. before, I was in another place	(1) alta nayka namiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ. ankati nayka namiłayt kapa x̩luwima iliʔ	
(2) now you are in this place. before, you were in another place	(2) alta mayka miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ. ankati mayka miłayt kapa x̩luwima iliʔ	
(3) now this person is in this place. before, this person was in another place	(3) alta ukuk tilxam yamiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ. ankati ukuk tilxam yamiłayt kapa x̩luwima iliʔ	
(4) now these people are in this place. before, these people were in another place	(4) alta ukuk tilxam łasmmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ. ankati ukuk tilxam łasmiłayt kapa x̩luwima iliʔ	
(5) someone moved for a very long time	(5) łaksta ya-munk-muv yułqat lili	
(6) I moved for some time	(6) nayka na-munk-muv wik yułqat lili	
(7) you moved for a short time	(7) mayka ma-munk-muv tǝnǝs lili 	
(8) a long time before, this thing was moving	(8) yułkat ankati ukuk ikta ya-hayu-munk-muv	

 To check
 Is qax̩ OK for "somewhere", and  x̩luwima qax̩ for "somewhere else"?

23
(1) someone said something to me	(1) łaksta yawawa ikta kapa nayka	
(2) because of this, I did something	(2) kakwa alta nayka namunk ikta	
(3) sometimes, when someone says something to me, I do something because of this	(3) ixtixt qanchi łaksta yawawa ikta kapa nayka, alta nayka munk ikta ki'wa ukuk ikta	

E23
(1) someone said something	(1) łaksta yawawa ikta	
(2) someone said something to someone else	(2) łaksta yawawa ikta kapa x̩luwima łaksta	
(3) I said something	(3) nayka nawawa ikta	
(4) I said something to someone	(4) nayka nawawa ikta kapa łaksta	
(5) I said something to you	(5) nayka nawawa ikta kapa mayka	
(6) you said something to me	(6) mayka mawawa ikta kapa nayka	
(7) you wanted to say something	(7) ankati mayka matqʾi wawa ikta	
(8) I said something. after some time, I will say something else	(8) nayka nawawa ikta. lili alta nayka nawawa x̩luwima ikta	
(9) you said something. after some time, you will say the same thing	(9) mayka mawawa ikta. lili alta mayka mamunk kakwa ikta	
(10) when I want something to happen, I do many things	(10) qanchi nayka natqʾi ikta yachaku, nayka namunk hayu ikta	
(11) when I want to say something, I say this	(11) qanchi nayka natqʾi wawa ikta, nayka nawawa ukuk ikta	
(12) when people want to do something bad, they do something bad	(12) qanchi uk tilxam łastqʾi munk mashachi ikta, łasmunk mashachi ikta	
(13) when something bad happens, I feel something bad	(13) qanchi mashachi ikta yachaku, nayka wik łush timtim	
(14) the same person	(14) uk kakwa tilxam	
(15) the same thing	(15) uk kakwa ikta	
(16) the same people	(16) uk kakwa tilxams	
(17) someone else	(17) x̩luwima łaksta	
(18) something else	(18) x̩luwima ikta	
(19) other people	(19) x̩luwima tilxams	

 To check
 kakwa alta or alta kakwa ?

24
(1) this person did something bad to me	(1) ukuk tilxam yamunk mashachi ikta kapa nayka	
(2) I want to say some words to this person	(2) nayka natqʾi wawa wik hayu wawa kapa ukuk tilxam	
(3) if I say something to this person, maybe this person won't do anything bad any more	(3) pus nayka nawawa ikta kapa ukuk tilxam, tłʾunas ukuk tilxam wik wǝx̩t yamunk mashachi ikta	

E24
(1) someone said something about something	(1) łaksta yawawa ikta kapa ikta	
(2) someone said this	(2) łaksta yawawa ukuk wawa	
(3) someone said some words	(3) łaksta yawawa wik hayu wawa	
(4) someone said something to me 	(4) łaksa yawawa ikta kapa nayka	
(5) someone said to me: I want to do this	(5) łaksta yawawa kapa nayka: nayka tqʾi ukuk ikta	
(6) I feel something good	(6) nayka łush timtim	
(7) maybe you feel something very good	(7) tłʾunas mayka hayash łush timtim	
(8) something bad happened	(8) mashachi ikta yachaku	
(9) maybe something bad happened	(9) tłʾunas mashachi ikta yachaku	

25
(1) at all times in all places people think that:	(1) uk tilxam kwanisim  łastimtim kakwa kanawi-qax̩ 	
(2)     it is good for people to live	(2)     łush pus uk ilxam łasmiłayt	
(3)     it is good for people to live with other people	(3)     łush pus uk tilxam łasmiłayt pi uk x̩luwima tilxams	
(4)     it is good for people to know many things	(4)     łush pus uk tilxam łaskamtaks hayu ikta	
(5)     it is good for people to be able to do some things because of this	(5)     łush pus kakwa ayaq uk tilxam łasmunk ikta 	
(6)     it is good for people to be able to do some things because they want to do these things	(6)     łush pus uk tilxam ayaq łasmunk miłayt kiʔwa łastqʾi munk ukuk iktas	
(7)     not because they have to do these things	(7)     wik kiʔwa x̩awqał łasmunk ukuk ikta 	

E25
(1) now I think like this. before I did not use to think like this	(1) alta natimtim kakwa. ankati wik nayka hayu timtim kakwa	
(2) now you do not think like this. before, you used to think like this	(2) alta wik matimtim kakwa. ankati ma-hayu-timtim kakwa	
(3) this person thinks about this thing	(3) uk tilxam yatimtim kapa ukuk ikta	
(4) this person thought about this thing for some time	(4) uk tilxam wik hayu lili ya-hayu-miłayt kapa ukuk tilxam 	
(5) you thought about this thing for a long time	(5) mayka lili ma-hayu-timtim kapa ukuk ikta	
(6) this person did something good for you	(6) ukuk tilxam yamunk łush ikta kapa mayka	
(7) you did something bad for me	(7) mayka mamunk mashachi ikta kapa nayka	

26
(1) sometimes a person thinks something like this:	(1) ixtixt łaksta yatimtim kakwa	
(2)   sthg good happened to me	(2)   łush ikta yachaku nayka	
(3)   I wanted this	(3)   ankati nayka natqʾi ukuk	
(4)   I don't want other things now	(4)   alta wik nayka natqʾi x̩luwima ikta 	
(5) because of this, this person feels sthg good	(5) kakwa ukuk tilxam yaka łush timtim	
(6) this personfeels like this	(6) ukuk tilxam yatimtim kakwa	

E26
(1) I felt something like this	(1) nayka natimtimt kakwa	
(2) I felt something good	(2) ankati nayka łush timtim	
(3) I felt something good towards you	(3) ankati nayka łush timtim kapa mayka	
(4) I think that you are someone good	(4) nayka natimtim mayka łush łaksta	
(5) I think about something	(5) nayka natimtim kapa ikta	
(6) I think something good about someone	(6) nayka natimtim łush ikta kapa łaksta	
(7) I think this	(7) nayka natimtim kakwa	

27
(1) there are two kinds of people because God wants this 	(1) makwst kakwa tilxam yamiłayt, kiʔwa Sa̩li Tay yatqʾi ukuk	
(2) a person of one kind is a man, a person of the other kind is a woman	(2) ixt kakwa tilxam yaka man, ixt kakwa tilxam yaka łuchman	
(3) a man can live with a woman	(3) ayaq ixt man yamiłayt pi ixt łuchman	
(4) if a man lives with a woman this is good	(4) łush pus ixt man yamiłayt kapa ixt łuchman	
(5) God wants people to live like this	(5) Sax̩li Tay yatʾi ukuk tilxam łasmiłayt kakwa	
(6) if a man lives with a woman	(6) pus ixt man yamiłayt pi ixt łuchman	
(7)    this man can do some things with this woman	(7)    ayaq ukuk man yamunk ikta pi ukuk łuchman	
(8)    because the body of a man is not like the body of a woman	(8)    kiʔwa uk man yaka iłʔ?$wǝl wik kakwa uk łuchman yaka iłʔ?$wǝl	

E27
(1) a woman can live with a man	(1) ayaq ixt łuchman yamiłayt pi ixt man 	
(2) I can live with you	(2) ayaq nayka namiłayt pi mayka	
(3) you can do many good things	(3) ayaq mayka mamunk hayu łush ikta	
(4) if you want to do something, you can do this thing	(4) pus mayka matqʾi munk ikta,ayaq  mayka mamunk ukuk ikta	
(5) if something bad can happen, it will happen	(5) pus ayaq mashachi ikta yachaku, ałki yachaku	

28
(1) sometimes a man thinks about a woman like this:	(1) ixtixt man yatimtim kakwa kapa łuchman	
(2)    I want to do some things to this woman's body	(2)    nayka natqʾi munk ikta pi ukuk łuchman yaka iłʔ?$wǝl	
(3) it is very bad if a man thinks about a woman like this	(3) hayash mashachi pus ixt man yatimtim kakwa kapa ixt łuchman	
(4) when a man thinks about a woman like this	(4) qanchi ixt man yatimtim kakwa kapa ixt łuchman	
(5)     this man is doing something bad to this woman	(5)     ukuk man ya-hayu-munk mashachi ikta kapa ukuk łuchman	

E28
(1) it is good if you do this thing	(1) łush pus mayka mamunk ukuk ikta	
(2) it is bad if people do bad things	(2) mashachi pus uk tilxam łasmunk mashachi iktas	
(3) it is not good if you say these words to this person	(3) wik łush pus mayka mawawa ukuk wawa kapa ukuk tilxam	
(4) it is not bad if someone says these things to me	(4) wik mashachi pus łaksta yawawa ukuk wawa kapa nayka	
(5) this person's body is like this other person's body	(5) ukuk tilxam yaka iłʔ?$wǝl yaka kakwa ukuk x̩luwima tilxam yaka iłʔ?$wǝl	
(6) my body is not like your body	(6) nayka iłʔ?$wǝl wik kakwa mayka iłʔ?$wǝl	
(7) my body is like this other person's body	(7) nayka iłʔ?$wǝl kakwa ukuk x̩luwima tilxam yaka iłʔ?$wǝl	

 To check
 Is OK kapa meaning "about"?

29
(1) many people live in this place	(1) hayu tilxam łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(2) someone did something bad to one (some) of these people	(2) alta łaksta yamunk mashachi ikta kapa ixt łaska	
(3) these people don't want things like this to happen in this place	(3) ukuk tilxams wik łastqʾi kakwa ikta yachaku kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(4) because of this when someone does something like this	(4) kakwa qanchi łaksta yamunk kakwa ikta	
(5)     they want some people to do something to this person	(5)     ukuk tilxam łastqʾi tilxams łasmunk ikta kapa ukuk łaksta	
(6) they think that it is good if this happens	(6) ukuk tilxam łasmiłayt łush pus yachaku kakwa	
(7)     because they don't want anyone to do things like this to anyone	(7)     kiʔwa wik łastqʾi łaksta yamunk kakwa kapa łaksta	

E29
(1) someone does something	(1) łaksta yamunk ikta	
(2) this person does not do anything	(2) ukuk tilxam wik yamunk ikta	
(3) this person did not do anything 	(3) ankati ukuk tilxam wik yamunk ikta	
(4) nobody thinks like this	(4) wik łaksta yatimtim kakwa	
(5) nothing like this can happen	(5) x̩awqał kakwa ikta yachaku	

30
(1) God says things to people all the time	(1) Sax̩li Tay kwanisim yawawa ikta kapa uk tilxams	
(2) God wants people to hear his words	(2) Sax̩li Tay yatqʾi uk tilxam łaskamtaks yaka wawa kapa qʾwǝlan	
(3) God wants people to know what he is saying with these words	(3) Sax̩li Tay yatqʾi uk tilxam yakamtaks ikta yawawa pi ukuk wawa	
(4) sometimes people don't hear God's words	(4) ixtixt uk tilxam wik łaskamtaks Sax̩li Tay yaka wawa kapa qʾwǝlan	
(5) sometimes when people hear God's words they do not know what God wants to say with these words	(5) ixtixt qanchi uk tilxam łaskamtaks Sax̩li Tay yaka wawa kapa qʾwǝlan, wik łaskamtaks ikta Sax̩li Tay yatqʾi wawa pi ukuk wawa	
(6) sometimes people hear God's words	(6) ixtixt uk tilxam łaskamtaks Sa̩li Tay yaka wawa kapa qʾwǝlan	
(7) it will be good for you if you hear God's words	(7) łush kapa mayka pus makamtaks Sax̩li Tay yaka wawa kapa qʾwǝlan	
(8) it will be good for you if you know what God wants to say with these words	(8) łush kapa mayka pus ałki makamdaks ikta Sax̩li Tay yatqʾi wawa pi ukuk wawa	

E30
(1) I hear something	(1) nayka nakamtaks ikta kapa qʾwǝlan	
(2) I hear some words	(2) nayka nakamtaks wawa kapa qʾwǝlan	
(3) a long time before people heard God's words	(3) yułqat ankati uk tilxam łaskamtaks Sax̩li Tay yaka wawa kapa qʾwǝlan	
(4) now people do not hear God's words	(4) alta uk tilxam wik łaskamtaks Sax̩li Tay yaka wawa kapa qʾwǝlan	
(5) after some time something will happen	(5) wik yułqat ałki ikta yachaku	
(6) because of this, after this people will hear God's words	(6) ki'wa ałki uk tilxam łaskamtaks Sax.!li Tay yaka wawa kapa qʾwǝlan	

31
(1) when people say something to other people about something they do not always say something true	(1) qanchi uk tilxam łaswawa wawa kapa uk x̩luwima tilxam kapa ikta wik kwanisim łaswawa dret	
(2) it will be good if when you say something to other people about something you always want to say something true	(2) qanchi yaswawa wawa kapa uk x̩luwima tilxam kapa ikta, łush pus kwanisim lyatqʾi wawa dret	

E31
(1) I heard some words	(1) nayka nakamtaks wawa kapa qʾwǝlan	
(2) these words are true	(2) ukuk wawa yaka dret	
(3) these words are not true	(3) ukuk wawa halu dret	
(4) I know that you are someone good	(4) nayka kamtaks łush łaksta mayka	
(5) I know:  you are someone good	(5) nayka kamtaks mayka łush łaksta mayka	
(6) I know something	(6) nayka kamtaks ikta	
(7) I know something about you	(7) nayka kamtaks ikta kapa mayka	

 To check

•   Is "kapa" OK in the sense "about" ? How can we say in Chinuk Wawa "I say something about this person"?   If I render it as "nayka nawawa ikta kapa ukuk tilxam", does this not mean instead "I tell something  TO this person"?
•   There should be some alternative way to rephrase the very clumsy sentence 1 of the lesson.

32
(1) I know some words	(1) nayka kamtaks wik hayu wawa	
(2) I can say many things with these words	(2) ayaq nayka nawawa hayu iktas pi ukuk wawa	
(3) if I say these things, you can know what I think	(3) pus nayka nawawa ukuk iktas, ayaq mayka kamtaks ikta nayka natimtim	
(4) if I don't say these things, you cannot know what I think	(4) pus wik nayka nawawa ukuk iktas, x̩awqał makamtaks ikta nayka timtim	
(5) if I say something, you can hear my words	(5) pus nayka nawawa ikta, ayaq mayka makamtaks nayka wawa kapa qʾwǝlan	
(6) if I do not say anything, you cannot hear my words	(6) pus wik nayka nawawa halu ikta, x̩awqał mayka makamtaks nayka wawa kapa qʾwǝlan	

E32
(1) this person can do it	(1) ayaq ukuk tilxam yamunk kakwa	
(2) this person cannot do it	(2) x̩awqał ukuk tilxam yamink kakwa	
(3) I can move	(3) ayaq nayka namash	
(4) I cannot move	(4) x̩awqał nayka namash	
(5) you cannot do things like this	(5) x̩awqał mayka mamunk kakwa ikta	
(6) something bad can happen to this person	(6) ayaq mashachi ikta yachaku kapa ukuk tilxam	
(7) this thing can move	(7) ayaq ukuk ikta yamash	
(8) when something bad happens to someone it can be good for this person	(8) qanchi mashachi ikta yachaku kapa łaksta, ayaq ukuk ikta yaka łush kapa ukuk tilxam	
(9) I cannot do this. maybe someone else can do it	(9) x̩auqał namunk kakwa. tł̩unas ayaq x̩luwima łaksta yamunk kakwa	
(10) maybe this person knows something about it	(10) tł̩unas ukuk tilxam yakamtaks ikta kapa ukuk ikta	
(11) maybe someone did something bad	(11) tł̩unas łaksta yamunk mashachi ikta	
(12) maybe there is someone in this place	(12) tł̩unas łaksta miłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	

 To check
 ayaq: is this construction OK to express "can"?

33
(1) sometimes people can't see anything	(1) ixtixt x̩awqał uk tilxam łasnanich hilu ikta 	
(2) when people see things like X, they can think of this	(2) qanchi uk tilxam łasnanich kakwa X, ayaq łastimtim kapa ukuk ikta	
(3) sometimes people can see much 	(3) ixtixt ayaq uk tilxam łasnanich hayu ikta	
(4) when people see things like X, they can think of this	(4) qanchi uk tilxam łasnanich ukuk ikta, ayaq łastimtim kapa ikta	

E33
(1) I can see many things	(1) ayaq nayka nanich hayu ikta	
(2) I cannot see many things	(2) x̩awqał nayka nananich hayu ikta	
(3) I saw someone in this place	(3) ankati nananich łaksta kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(4) a long time before, you saw me in this place	(4) yułqat ankati mayka mananich nayka kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(5) if you do this, you will see me	(5) pus mayka mamunk kakwa, ałki mayka nanich nayka	
(6) these people saw many things	(6) ukuk tilxam łasnanich hayu ikta	
(7) I saw something	(7) nayka nananich ikta	
(8) I saw someone in that place	(8) nayka nananich łaksta kapa ukuk iliʔ	

34
(1) I live in a place 	(1) nayka namiłayt kapa ixt iliʔ	
(2) this place is near here	(2) ukuk iliʔ wik saya kapa yakwa	
(3) these person live in another place	(3) ukuk tilxam łasmiłayt kapa x̩luwima iliʔ	
(4) this other place is far from here	(4) ukuk x̩luwima iliʔ yaka saya kapa yakwa	
(5) you live here	(5) mayka mamiłayt yakwa	
(6) many other people live here	(6) hayu x̩luwima tilxam łasmiłayt yakwa	

E34
(1) this place is near	(1) ukuk iliʔ wik saya	
(2) this other place is far	(2) ukuk x̩luwima iliʔ saya	
(3) this thing is near this other thing	(3) ukuk ikta yaka wik saya ukuk x̩luwima ikta	
(4) I am far from you	(4) nayka saya kapa mayka	
(5) you are near me	(5) mayka wik saya kapa nayka	
(6) these people are near these other people	(6) ukuk tilxam łaska saya kapa ukuk x̩luwima tilxam	
(7) these people are doing something in this place	(7) ukuk tilxam łasmunk ikta kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(8) I am doing many things here	(8) nayka namunk iktas yakwa	

 To check

1. kapa ixt iliʔ for "in a place": I would prefer tłʾunas qa "somewhere".
2. Is saya kapa nayka OK to express "far from me" (would not be better to say saya, and that's all?)

35
(1) some time before, this thing was here	(1) tǝnǝs ankati ukuk ikta łasmiłayt yakwa	
(2) after some time, this thing moved for some time	(2) tǝnǝs kimta ukuk ikta wik-lili yamunk muv 	
(3) because of this, after this, this thing was not here any more	(3) ki'wa alta ukuk tilxam wik yamiłayt yakwa	
(4) this thing was in another place	(4) ukuk ikta yamiłayt kapa x̩luwima iliʔ	
(5) a long time before, this thing was not here	(5) hayash ankati wik ukuk ikta miłayt yakwa	
(6) this thing was above another thing	(6) ukuk ikta yamiłayt sax̩li x̩luwima ikta	
(7) some time after, this thing moved	(7) tǝnǝs kimta ukuk ikta yamunk muv	
(8) because of this, after this, this other thing was not above that other thing anymore	(8) ki'wa alta wik ukuk ikta sax̩li ukuk x̩luwima ikta	
(9) this thing was below this other thing	(9) alta ukuk ikta kikwli ukuk x̩luwima ikta	

E35
(1) this thing is above that thing	(1) ukuk ikta sax̩li ukuk x̩luwima ikta	
(2) this thing is below that thing	(2) ukuk ikta kikwli ukuk x̩luwima ikta	
(3) this person is someone above me	(3) ukuk tilxam yaka łaksta sax̩li kapa nayka	
(4) this thing is far from here	(4) ukuk ikta saya kapa yakwa	
(5) I live in a place far from here	(5) nayka miłayt kapa iliʔ, ukuk iliʔ saya kapa yakwa	
(6) this place is above this other place	(6) ukuk iliʔ yaka sax̩li ukuk x̩luwima iliʔ	

 To check
 A careful review is needed of the whole set of temporal connectives.

36
(1) a part of a person's face	(1) ixt tilxam yaka seahhost yaka sitkum	
(2) this part has two parts, one above the other	(2) ukuk sitkum yamiłayt makwst yaka sitkum, ixt yaka sitkum sax̩li ukuk x̩luwima yaka sitkum	
(3) these parts are alike	(3) ukuk makwst yaka sitkum łaska kakwa kakwa	
(4) because of this part, a person can say things to other people	(4) uk tilxam ayaq yawawa ikta kapa uk x̩luwima tilxam ki'wa ukuk sitkum	
(5) other people can hear these things	(5) uk x̩luwima tilxam ayaq yakamtaks ukuk iktas kapa qʾwǝlan	
(6) often, there are some things inside this part	(6) hayu tayms, ikta łasmiłayt kikwli kapa ukuk sitkum	
(7)     because this person wants to do sthg to these things with this part	(7)     ki'wa ukuk tilxam yatqʾi munk ikta kapa ukuk iktas pi ukuk sitkum	
(8) people can think like this about this part:	(8) uk tilxams łasmiłayt timtim kakwa kapa ukuk sitkum:	
(9)     if there is nothing inside this part for a very long time a person cannot live	(9)     pus lili hilu ikta kikwli kapa ukuk sitkum, x̩awqał uk tilxam yamiłayt	

E36
(1) this thing is inside this other thing	(1) ukuk ikta yaka kikwli kapa ukuk x̩luwima ikta	
(2) this thing has two parts	(2) łasmiłayt makwst sitkum kapa ukuk ikta 	
(3) this thing has many parts	(3) łasmiłayt hayu siktum kapa ukuk ikta	
(4) this thing has no parts	(4) hilu sitkum kapa ukuk ikta	
(5) people have a body	(5) ukuk tilxam łasmiłayt łaska iłʔwǝl	
(6) everyone has a body	(6) kanawi tilxam łasmiłayt łaska iłʔwǝl	
(7) a person's body has many parts	(7) ixt tilxam yaka iłʔwǝl yamiłayt hayu sitkum	
(8) there are many parts in a person's body	(8) łasmiłayt hayu sitkum kapa ixt tilxam yaka iłʔwǝl	
(9) sometimes this person does good things	(9) samtayms ukuk tilxam yamunk łush ikta	
(10) often this person does good things	(10) hayu tayms ukuk tilxam yamunk łush ikta	
(11) many things are inside a person's body	(11) hayu ikta łasmiłayt kapa ixt tilxam yaka iłʔwǝl	
(12) these two things are alike	(12) ukuk makwst tilxam łaska kakwa kakwa	

 To check
 How is "face" really spelled in Chinuk Wawa? 

37
(1) two parts of a person's head	(1) ixt tilxam yaka latet yaka makwst sitkum	
(2) these parts are alike	(2) ukuk makwst sitkum kakwa kakwa	
(3) the one is on one side of the head	(3) ixt sitkum yakwa kapa latet	
(4) the other is on the other side of the head	(4) ixt sitkum yawa kapa latet	
(5) they are not part of a person's face	(5) wik ukuk makwst sitkums łasmiłayt kapa uk tilxam yaka seahhost	
(6) because of these two parts, a person can hear	(6) ayaq uk tilxam yakamtaks kapa ukuk makwst sitkum	

E37
(1) this thing is on the other side of that thing	(1) uk ikta inatay kapa uk x̩luwima ikta	
(2) this thing has two sides	(2) uk ikta yamiłayt makwst lema	
(3) this person is far from me	(3) uk tilxam saya kapa nayka	
(4) this part	(4) ukuk sitkum	
(5) the same part	(5) ukuk kakwa sitkum	
(6) another part	(6) x̩luwima sitkum	
(7) one part	(7) ixt sitkum	
(8) two parts	(8) makwst sitkum	
(9) many parts	(9) hayu sitkum	
(10) all parts	(10) kanawi sitkum	
(11) some parts	(11) wik hayu sitkum	

38
(1) there are many people in this place	(1) hayu tilxam łasmiłayt kapa ukuk iliʔ	
(2) one of these people always does good things	(2) ukuk tilxams łaska ixt tilxam kwanisim yamunk łush ikta	
(3) two of these people often do good things	(3) ukuk tilxams łaska makwst tilxam hayu tayms łasmunk łush ikta	
(4) some of these people do good things some times	(4) ukuk tilxams łaska wik hayu tilxam wik hayu tayms łasmunk łush ikta	
(5) many of these people never do good things	(5) ukuk tilxams łaska hayu tilxam wik qanchi yamunk łush ikta	

E38
(1) one of these people	(1) ukuk tilxam łaska ixt tilxam	
(2) one of these things	(2) ukuk iktas łaska ixt ikta	
(3) two of these people	(3) ukuk tilxams łaska makwst tilxam	
(4) two of these things	(4) ukuk iktas łaska makwst ikta	
(5) many of these people	(5) ukuk tilxams łaska hayu tilxams	
(6) many of these things	(6) ukuk iktas łaska hayu iktas	
(7) I often hear words like these	(7) hayu qanchi nayka nakamtaks kakwa kapa qʾwǝlan	
(8) they do things like this some times	(8) wik hayu qanchi łaska łasmiłayt kakwa	
(9) these people never say this word	(9) wik qanchi ukuk tilxams łaswawa ukuk wawa	

39
(1) I'm thinking of some people	(1) nayka natimtim kapa wik hayu tilxams	
(2) I am one of these people	(2) nayka ixt kakwa tilxam	
(3) I say the same about all these people	(3) nayka nawawa kakwa kapa kanawi ukuk tilxam	

E39
(1) 	(1) 	

40
(1) God wants you to think about all other people like this	(1) Sax̩li Tay yatqʾi mayka matimtim kakwa kapa kanawi tilxam:	
(2)      this person is someone like me	(2)      ukuk tilxam yaka ixt tilxam kakwa nayka	
(3)      I want God to do good things for this person	(3)      nayka natqʾi Sax̩li Tay yamunk łush kapa ukuk tilxam	
(4)      as I want God to do good things for me	(4)      kakwa nayka natqʾi Sax̩li Tay yamunk łush kapa nayka	

E40
(1) 	(1) 	

41
(1) this person thinks like this about something	(1) ukuk tilxam yatimtim kakwa kapa ikta:	
(2)    when I do this thing, I feel something good	(2)    qanchi nayka namunk ukuk ikta, nayka łush timtim	
(3)    because of this, I want to do this thing many times	(3)    kakwa nayka natqʾi namunk ukuk ikta hayu tayms	
(4) 	   I did this thing once	(4)    ankati ixt taym namunk ukuk ikta	
(5)    after, I will do this thing twice	(5)    ałki makwst tayms namunk ukuk ikta	
(6)    I will do this thing many times	(6)    ałki hayu tayms namunk ukuk ikta 	

E41
(1) something happened once	(1) ikta yachaku ixt taym	
(2) something happened some times	(2) ikta yachaku wik hayu tayms	
(3) something happened many times	(3) ikta yachaku hayu tayms	
(4) I saw this person many times	(4) nayka nananich ukuk tilxam hayu qanchi	
(5) you heard these words many times	(5) mayka makamtaks kapa qʾwlan ukuk wawa hayu tayms	
(6) I did this thing twice	(6) nayka namunk ukuk ikta makwst tayms	
(7) this thing moved once	(7) ukuk ikta yamash ixt taym	
(8) these persons did something good many times	(8) ukuk tilxams łasmunk łush hayu tayms	

42
(1) a long time before, someone said some words	(1) hayash ankati łaksta yawawa wik hayu wawa	
(2) this person said: I want you to do some things	(2) ukuk tilxam yawawa kakwa: nayka natqʾi mayka mamunk hayu iktas	
(3) this person said: I want you to say some words	(3) ukuk tilxam yawawa kakwa: nayka natqʾi mayka mawawa wik hayu wawa	
(4) now this wants to say more 	(4) alta ukuk tilxam yatqʾi wǝx̩t	
(5) this person says	(5) ukuk tilxam yawawa kakwa:	
(6)    I want you to do more	(6)    nayka natqʾi mtsayka mtsamunk wǝx̩t	
(7) 	   I want you to say more	(7)    nayka natqʾi mtsayka mtsawawa wǝx̩t	
(8)    I do not want you to do some things any more	(8)    wik nayka natqʾi mtsayka mtsamunk wik-hayu iktas wǝx̩t	

E42
(1) I want to say more	(1) nayka natqʾi nawawa wǝx̩t	
(2) I want to see more	(2) nayka natqʾi nananich wǝx̩t	
(3) I want to hear more	(3) nayka natqʾi nakamtaks wǝx̩t kapa qʾwǝlan	
(4) I want to know more about this thing	(4) nayka natqʾi nakamkats wǝx̩t kapa ukuk ikta	
(5) I want to do more	(5) nayka natqʾi nawmunk wǝx̩t	
(6) someone is not living any more	(6) wik łaksta yamiłayt wǝx̩t	
(7) someone is not big any more	(7) wik łaksta yaka hayash wǝx̩t	

 To check
 The use of wǝx̩t (spelling, position, exact meaning).

43
(1) this time	(1) ukuk taym	
(2) the same time	(2) kakwa taym	
(3) another time	(3) x̩luwima taym	
(4) this place	(4) ukuk iliʔ	
(5) the same place	(5) kakwa iliʔ	
(6) another place	(6) x̩luwima iliʔ	

E43
(1) this person	(1) ukuk tilxam	
(2) the same person	(2) kakwa tilxam	
(3) another person	(3) x̩luwima tilxam	

44
(1) someone like this	(1) kakwa łaksta	
(2) someone like this person	(2) łaksta kakwa ukuk tilxam	
(3) something like this	(3) kakwa ikta	
(4) something like this thing	(4) ikta kakwa ukuk ikta	

E44
(1) 	(1) 	

45
(1) these two things	(1) ukuk makwst ikta	
(2) these two people	(2) ukuk makwst tilxam	
(3) these two places	(3) ukuk makwst iliʔ	
(4) one other person	(4) ixt x̩luwima tilxam	
(5) one other thing	(5) ixt x̩luwima ikta	
(6) one other place	(6) ixt x̩luwima iliʔ	
(7) two other people	(7) makwst x̩luwima tilxams	
(8) two other things	(8) makwst x̩luwima iktas	
(9) two other places	(9) makwst x̩luwima iliʔ	
(10) I did the same thing	(10) nayka namunk kakwa ikta	

E45
(1) 	(1) 	

46
(1) it is good if a person wants to say to other people what this person thinks (feels)	(1) łush pus ixt tilxam yatqʾi wawa yaka timtim kapa uk x̩luwima tilxams	
(2) it is bad if a person says to other people that this person thinks (feels) something if it is not true	(2) pus ixt tilxam yawawa kakwa kapa uk x̩luwima tilxams: nayka natimtim kakwa, peshak pus kakwa ikta łǝminǝxwit	
(3) it is good if a person wants other people to know what this person thinks (feels)	(3) łush pus ixt tilxam yatqʾi uk x̩luwima tilxams łaskamtaks qa yaka yatimtim	

E46
(1) I want something	(1) nayka natqʾi ikta	
(2) I want to do something	(2) nayka natqʾi munk ikta	
(3) I want you to do something	(3) nayka natqʾi mayka mamunk ikta	
(4) I want to know something	(4) nayka natqʾi kamtaks ikta	
(5) I want you to know something	(5) nayka natqʾi mayka makamtaks ikta	
(6) I want something to happen	(6) nayka natqʾi ikta yachaku	
(7) before, I wanted many things to happen	(7) ankati natqʾi hayu ikta łaschaku	
(8) now I do not want these things to happen anymore	(8) alta wik natqʾi uk hayu ikta yachaku wǝx̩t	

47
(1) people think like this:	(1) uk tilxam łastimtim kakwa:	
(2)   I can't always say to other people what I feel	(2)   x̩auqał nayka kwanisim nawawa nayka timtim kapa uk x̩luwima tilxams	
(3)   I can't say it if I think that these people can feel something bad when I say it	(3)   x̩awqał nayka nawawa kakwa pus nayka natimtim tłʾunas ukuk tilxam łaska mashachi timtim qa-nayka nawawa kakwa	
(4)   I can say it if I think that these people will not feel something bad when I say it	(4)   ayaq nayka nawawa kakwa pus nayka natimtim wik ałki ukuk tilxam łaska mashachi timtim qa-nayka nawawa kakwa	
(5)   I want to say to other people what I feel, if I think that they can feel the same when I say it	(5)   nayka natqʾi nawawa nayka timtim kapa uk x̩luwima tilxam pus nayka natimtim ayaq łaska łastimtim kakwa qa-nayka nawawa kakwa	
(6)   I want some other people to know what I feel	(6)   nayka natqʾi wik hayu x̩luwima tilxam łaskamtaks qa-nayka natimtim	
(7)   I want some other people to feel the same	(7)   nayka natqʾi wik hayu x̩luwima tilxam łastimtim kakwa	

E47
(1) if you do this people will say bad things about you	(1) pus mayka mamunk kakwa ałki uk tilxam łaswawa mashachi kapa nayka	
(2) if this thing happens it will be good for me	(2) łush kapa nayka pus uk ikta yachaku	
(3) if I do this thing all these people will do the same thing	(3) pus nayka namunk kakwa ałki kanawi tilxam łasmunk kakwa	
(4) I did something good for you	(4) ankati nayka namunk łush ikta kapa nayka	
(5) this thing was good for me	(5) ankati ukuk ikta yaka łush kapa nayka	
(6) it is good if people do this	(6) łush pus uk tilxam łasmunk kakwa	
(7) it is good if something like this happens	(7) łush pus kakwa ikta yachaku	
(8) it is not good to do this kind of things	(8) wik łush munk kakwa ikta	
(9) it is not good if you do this kind of things	(9) wik łush mamunk kakwa ikta	

48
(1) many people think all the time	(1) hayu tilxam łastimtim kakwa:	
(2)   I want many good things to happen to me	(2)   nayka natqʾi hayu łush ikta łaschaku kapa nayka	
(3)   if these things happen I will feel something very good	(3)   pus uk ikta łaschaku ałki nayka hayash łush timtim	
(4)   I want to do many things because of this	(4)   kakwa nayka natqʾi munk hayu ikta	
(5) if you think like this, it will be good if you think at the same time	(5) pus mayka matimtim kakwa, łush pus kakwa qanchi mayka matimtim kakwa:	
(6)     at one time I will die	(6)     tłʾunas qanchi ałki nayka namimłust	
(7)     these things can be good for me before I die	(7)     ayaq ukuk ikta łaska łush kapa nayka ankati nayka namimłust	
(8)     they will not be good for me after I have died	(8)     wik ałki ukuk ikta łaska łush kapa nayka kimta nayka namimłust	

E48
(1) 	(1) 	

49
(1) sometimes a person thinks:	(1) ixtixt łaksta yatimtim kakwa:	
(2)     I want to always have many things	(2)     nayka natqʾi kwanisim hayu ikta łasmiłayt kapa nayka	
(3)     if I have many things this will always be good for me	(3)     kwanisim łush kapa nayka pus hayu iktas łasmiłayt kapa nayka	
(4)     if I have many things I can always feel something good	(4)     pus hayu iktas łasmiłayt kapa nayka, ayaq nayka kwanisim łush timtim	
(5)     I want to always feel something good	(5)     nayka natqʾi kwanisim łush timtim nayka	
(6)     I don't want to think about anything else	(6)     wik nayka natqʾi ntimtim kapa x̩luwima ikta	
(7) because this person thinks like this this person does many things	(7) ukuk tilxam yatimtim kakwa, kakwa ukuk tilxam yamunk hayu ikta	
(8) it will be bad for you if you think like this	(8) mashachi kapa mayka pus mayka matimtim kakwa	
(9) it will be bad for you if you live like this because you think like this	(9) mashachi kapa nayka pus mayka mamiłayt kakwa ki'wa mayka matimtim kakwa	
(10) you don't know what will happen to you	(10) wik mayka makamtaks qa ałki yachaku kapa mayka	
(11) you live now because God wants you to live, not because you want to live	(11) mayka mamiłayt alta ki'wa Sax̩li Tay yatqʾi mamiłayt, wik ki'wa mayka matqʾi miłayt	
(12) some time after now you will die	(12) tłʾunas ałki mayka mamimłust	
(13) this can happen a short time after now	(13) ayaq wik lili alta mayka mamimłust	
(14) if you have many things now you won't feel something good because of this after you have died	(14) pus hayu iktas łasmiłayt kapa mayka, wik kakwa ałki łush timtim kimt'a mayka mamimłust	
(15) after you die you will know that it was bad for you to to live like this	(15) kimt'a mayka mamimłust alta mayka makamtaks kakwa: mashachi kapa mayka mamiłayt kakwa	
(16) you will feel something very bad because of this then	(16) alta ałki hayash mashachi timtim mayka	
(17) it will be good if you think:	(17) łush pus mayka matimtim kakwa:	
(18)     some time after now I will die	(18)     tłʾunas ałki nayna namimłust	
(19)     this can happen a short time after now	(19)     tłʾunas wik lili nayka namimłust	
(20)     because of this I want to do some things now	(20)     kakwa nayka natqʾi munk ikta alta	
(21)     I want to live with God	(21)     nayka natqʾi miłayt pi Sax̩li Tay	
(22)     I want to do good things for other people	(22)     nayka natqʾi munk łush kapa uk x̩luwima tilxam	
(23) it will be good for you if you do many things because of this	(23) łush pus kakwa mayka mamunk hayu ikta	
(24) if you live like this you can always live with God	(24) pus mayka mamiłayt kakwa, ayaq kwanisim mamiłayt kapa Sax̩li Tay	
(25) if you live with God this will always be good for you	(25) kwanisim łush kapa mayka pus mayka mamiłayt kapa Sax̩li Tay	

E49
(1) 	(1) 	

Free Documentation License
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
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If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.